Mekameka Ahumahi Utu – Te Hanga Taputapu Puranga Utu me te CPO

He tino whakataetae te umanga hanga pou utu, ā, he tino pakari ngā tiwhikete o tāwāhi.

• I te rāngai waenga-rerenga, e rua ngā wāhanga matua o ngā kaitākaro:taputapu puranga utume te hanga. Mō te taha taputapu, ko te nuinga o tēnei ko ngā kaihanga oNgā taputapu utu DC, Ngā taputapu utu AC, me ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā taputapu utu ahokore, ngā taputapu whakawhiti pākahiko, me ngā rihi kei runga i te papa. I te taha hanga, ko te nuinga o te wā e pā ana ki ngā kaupapa EPC teihana utu. Ko te waenganuite hanga puranga utu hikoHe tino whakataetae te umanga, me te neke atu i te 300 ngā kaiwhakarato e mahi ana i Haina i tēnei wā.

• Ko ngā puranga utu e kaweake ana ki Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika e hiahiatia anaTiwhikete CE, rāneiUL, FCC, rāneiETLtiwhikete. E hiahiatia ana e te EU te tiwhikete CE, he poto ake te wā tukatuka; e hiahiatia ana e te US te tiwhikete UL, he roa ake te wā tukatuka.

1. Ngā puranga utu waka hikoKo ngā mea e kaweakehia ana ki ngā whenua o te EU me whai tiwhikete CE i raro i ngā aratohu LVD + EMC. He whakaritenga ā-ture tēnei i raro i te ture o te EU. Ko te tiwhikete CE te mea matua e aromatawai ana i te haumaru o ngā hua, tae atu ki te haumaru hiko me te haumaru miihini. Ko te aratohu LVD kei roto i ngā whakamātautau CE mō ngā pou utu ko te whakamarumaru LVD, te ngaohiko teitei LVD, te iahiko toenga LVD, me te whenua LVD. Me whakamātautau te aratohu EMC kia rite ki ngā paerewa haumaru e tika ana, e tohu ana kei te tutuki ngā taputapu i te Whakapuakitanga Whakatutukitanga a te EU EMC Directive 2014/30/EU, me te whakaatu kua paahitia e ngā taputapu te whakamātautau paerewa haumaru a te EU mā te whakarārangi i ēnei paerewa me ngā tau pūrongo i roto i ngā tuhinga.
2. Ngā puranga utu waka hiko Ko te tikanga, me whiwhi tiwhikete UL, FCC, ETL rānei ngā hua e kaweakehia ana ki te United States. Ko te tiwhikete UL he whakarāpopototanga mō te tiwhikete Underwriters Laboratories, te whakahaere tūmataiti tino mana me te nui rawa atu o te ao e mahi ana i ngā whakamātautau haumaru me te tiwhikete. Kāore te tiwhikete UL i te whakahauhia, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamātautau me te whakamana i te mahi haumaru o te hua; kāore tōna whānuitanga e uru atu ki ngā āhuatanga EMC (hototahi hikohiko). Ko te tiwhikete FCC he tiwhikete EMC whakahauhia i te United States; ko ngā hua hiko me ngā hua hiko e hokona ana i te US me whiwhi tiwhikete FCC. Ko te tiwhikete ETL he tohu tiwhikete haumaru e hiahiatia ana mō te kaweake ki te US me Kanata, e tohu ana kua paahitia e te hua te whakamātautau whakamanatanga e te US NRTL me/ranei te SCC o Kanata, ā, he rite te mana ki ngā tohu UL, CSA rānei.

Ngā Ihirangi Whakamātautau Tiwhikete CE mōNgā Teihana Utu Waka Hiko

Kupu Whakataki ki te USTeihana Whakamahinga EVNgā Tohu Tiwhikete

Te whakakotahitanga o ngā tauira maha, ngā arai urunga teitei

• I runga i ngā tikanga haumi me te whakahaere, ko ngā tauira pakihi opuranga utu hikoKa taea te wehewehe whānui i ngā kaiwhakahaere whatunga ki ngā momo e toru: te kaiwhakahaere-ārahi, te kaiwhakahaere-arahi/te mahi tahi a te kaihanga waka, me te ratonga utu tuatoru-ārahi. Ko te tauira e arahina ana e te kaiwhakahaere, e tohuhia ana e ngā CPO (Contract Owners) rerekē, e arotahi ana ki te whakahaere i ana ake rawa me te whakarato taputapu me te pūmanawa.ngā otinga utu hikoKa taea te wehewehe anō i ngā kaiwhakahaere mā te hinonga me te kaiwhakarato ratonga, tae atu ki ngā kamupene kāwanatanga/whatunga hiko, ngā kamupene pūngao hinu-matū, ngā hononga waka, me ngā kaiwhakahaere pūmanawa. Ko te tauira e arahina ana e te kaihanga waka/mahi tahi, e tohuhia ana e Tesla, e whakarato anangā ratonga utuki ōna ake rangatira waka. Ko te tauira e ārahihia ana e te tūāpapa ratonga utu tuatoru, e tohuhia ana e ngā kamupene pēnei i a Chargepoint, e hono ana i ngā kaiwhakamahi me ngā kaiwhakahaere utu e ahu mai ana i ngā rawa mā roto i ngā whatunga utu tuatoru.

• I raro i te tauira e arahina ana e te kaiwhakahaere, ka oti i te kaiwhakahaere te haumi, te hanga, te whakahaere, me te tiaki ingā teihana utu hiko, ā, e whakarato ana i ngā ratonga utu ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Ka tino whakaurua e tēnei tauira ngā rauemi o runga me raro i roto i te mekameka ahumahi, me te whai wāhi tahi ki te R&D hangarau utu me te hanga taputapu. Me nui te haumitanga o mua ki ngā hanganga pēnei i ngā papa me ngāpokapū utu hiko, e hanga ana i tētahi mahi e whakapau kaha ana ki te whakapaipai e hiahia ana ki ngā rauemi pūtea pakari me ngā āheinga whakahaere whānui. Ko te hua ka whakawhirinaki ki te tere whakamahi a te takitahingā tauranga utu hikome te tango utu ratonga.

• Kua wehea ngā tauira mahi a te kaihanga waka kingā teihana utu i hangaia e rātou anōme te hanganga teihana utu tahi. Ko te hua o te tauira hanga-ake i ahu mai i te rerekētanga utu hiko me ngā utu ratonga anake, ā, ko tana turanga kiritaki he iti noa iho ki ngā kiritaki o nāianei o te kaihanga motuka. He iti te whakamahinga o te teihana utu, he uaua ki te whakaputa hua. He pai ake tēnei tauira mō ngā kaihanga motuka he nui te turanga kiritaki me ngā pakihi matua pumau. I roto i te tauira hanganga teihana utu tahi, ka mahi tahi ngā kaihanga motuka mengā kaiwhakahaere utuki te hanga teihana, ko te kaihanga waka e whakarato ana i te turanga kiritaki, ko te kaiwhakahaere utu e whakarato ana i te tuku pūngao me te hangarau, kia tutuki ai he āhuatanga angitu mō ngā taha katoa.

• I raro i te tauira tūāpapa ratonga utu tuatoru, kāore te tūāpapa ratonga e whai wāhi tika ana ki te haumitanga me te hanganga o ngā teihana utu. Engari, ka whakamahia e ia ōna kaha whakauru rauemi kaha ki te hono i ngā teihana utu mai i ngā kaiwhakahaere utu rerekē ki tana tūāpapa. Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga nui me ngā hangarau whakauru rauemi me te tohatoha, ka hono i ngā teihana utu mai i ngā kaiwhakahaere rerekē, ka whakapai ake i te tere whakamahi o ia teihana utu takitahi. Mā te auahatanga ratonga "ipurangi + tuimotu", ka whakaratohia e ia ki ngā kaiwhakamahi C-end ngā ratonga utu kotahi-mutunga tae atu ki te utu, te ratonga muri-hoko, me ngā ratonga oranga, ka whakapai ake i te wheako utu a te kaiwhakamahi. I te wā kotahi, ka whakaratohia e ngā kaiwhakarato ratonga utu tuatoru ki ngā kaiwhakahaere B-end ngā ratonga whakahaere ipurangi kua whakapaitia me ngā ratonga tiaki tuimotu, e whakatairanga ana i te whakapai ake i te kounga me te whai huatanga o te ratonga utu. Ko te tauira hua ka ahu mai i te utu ratonga e tohaina ana e ngā kaiwhakahaere utu me ētahi utu ratonga tāpiri uara.

Ngā Auahatanga o te Ao – Te Auahatanga me te Whakapai Ake i ngā Tauira Whakahaere

• Kei te whakakapi haeretia ngā puranga utu momo-wehewehengā teihana utu whakauruMō te āhuatanga utu kotahi,Ngā Teihana Whakautu Waka Hikoka taea te whakamahi ngāwari i ngā kōwae, te whakapai ake i te whakamahinga hiko me te wā hurihanga, me te whakarei ake i te whakamahinga o te pūnaha.

• Ka whakawhirinaki ngā puranga utu ngāwari ki te "hanumi mana + tohatoha hihiri" hei whakaoti rapanga o te mana pumau mō ngā teihana utu takitahi, me te urutau ki ngā hiahia utu rerekē.

• Ka taea e ngā pūnaha photovoltaic, rokiroki pūngao, me te utu whakauru te whakaiti i te pānga opuranga utu nuite whakapaunga hiko i runga i ngā whatunga hiko ā-rohe. Ā muri ake nei, ka whakaatuhia e rātou he ia ki ngā matatini maha-mahi e whakauru ana i ngā "teihana hiko + teihana utu + teihana pokapū raraunga + teihana tohatoha DC + teihana photovoltaic + teihana rokiroki pūngao + whakakī hinu + whakakī hau + whakawhiti pākahiko." Ko te "photovoltaic-storage-charge-test" he momo hou oratonga utu waka hiko houhe whare e whakauru ana i ngā taputapu photovoltaic, rokiroki pūngao, utu tere, me te whakamātautau pākahiko. I te wā e utu ana, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakatutuki i ngā mahi pēnei i te whakamātautau pākahiko, te mōhio ki ngā pereti raihana, te utu ā-rua/te tukunga (V2G), me te whakahaere moutere o te teihana utu. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e ngā pūnaha rokiroki hiko te whakamahi i ngā utu hiko i waho o te wā pīka i te pō hei rokiroki hiko, ā, i ngā wā pīka, ka taea e rātou te tuku hiko ki ngā teihana utu me te hiko whatunga hei whakatutuki i te hiahia pīka, ka tutuki ai te tapahi pīka me te whakakī awaawa. Ahakoa i ngā wā motumotu whatunga, ka taea tonu e te pūnaha rokiroki hiko te whakarato ratonga utu ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Ka taea e tēnei te whakapai ake i te hua o ngā kaiwhakahaere utu mā roto i ngā tauira hua e toru: te whakamahi-ake i te hiko kua whakaputaina me te hononga whatunga o te hiko toenga hei whakaiti i ngā utu hiko; te whakatau utu pīka-awaawa; me te whakahaere utu hiko e hangai ana ki te kaha.

• Ka taea e ngā waka hiko tauine nui i raro i te V2G te whakarato hiko mai i te MW ki te GW, me te wā tukunga tonu ia haora me te tere urupare taumata tuarua, e whakakotahi ana i ngā painga o te rokiroki hiko momo-pūngao me te momo-pūngao, ā, he whānui ngā tirohanga tono.

Ngā painga me ngā wero o ngā teihana photovoltaic, rokiroki pūngao me te utu whakauru

—TE MUTUNGA—